Antibacterial effects of extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and piper guineense on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

The upsurge in the prevalence of side effects of many synthetic antimicrobial agents and incidence of multidrug resistant bacteria has spurred scientists on the research for plant based antimicrobial of therapeutic potentials. Ocimum gratissimum and Piper guineense present such potential of high medicinal value. These plants are used in Nigeria traditionally as condiments and for treatment of various ailments such as pyorrhea, dysentery and bronchitis. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of O. gratissimum and P. guineense leaves were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both extracts were found to exhibit selective inhibition against the isolates. The diameter zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts were between 2 + 0.01 – 10 + 0.10 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined by the agar diffusion method was between 10.00 and 2.50 mg/ml-1. Ethanol extracts showed more inhibitory effect compared to the aqueous extracts. Results obtained show that the extracts of O. gratissimum and P. guineense possess some level of antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus

Comparative study of microwave assisted and conventional synthesis of novel 2-quinoxalinone-3- hydrazone derivatives and its spectroscopic properties

A series of novel quinoxalin-2(1H)-one-3-hydrazone derivatives, 2a - 8d were synthesized via condensation of 3-hydrazinoquinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 1, with the corresponding ketones under microwave irradiation. The microwave assisted reaction was remarkably successful and gave hydrazones in higher yield at less reaction time compared to conventional heating method. The chemical structures of the compounds prepared were confirmed by analytical and spectral dat

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of some Pyrazol-I-Ylquinoxalin-2(IH)-One Derivatives

3-Hydrazinoquinoxalin-2(1H)-one was prepared from quinoxaline-2,3-dione and subsequently used for the synthesis of some potentially biologically active 3-(pyrazol-1-ylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives. While 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one showed a comparative effect with streptomycin, 3-(5-oxo-3-phenyl-4,5-di- hydropyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one was found to be the most active at MIC value of 7.8 μg/m

Facile Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of 2-Alkanamino Benzimidazole Derivatives

Benzimidazole derivatives are known to represent a class of medicinally important compounds which are extensively used in drug design and catalysis. A series of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives 10a-i was herein synthesized from the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with some amino acids using ameliorable pathway. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were con rmed by IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Mass spectral and analytical data. The compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity alongside gentamicin clinical standard. The results showed that this skeletal framework exhibited marked potency as antimicrobial agents. The most active compound was 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanamine, 10a

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PYRAZOL-1-YLQUINOXALIN- 2(1H)-ONE DERIVATIVES

3-Hydrazinoquinoxalin-2(1H)-one was prepared from quinoxaline-2,3-dione and subsequently used for the synthesis of some potentially biologically active 3-(pyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives. While 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one showed a comparative effect with streptomycin, 3-(5-oxo-3-phenyl-4,5-di- hydropyrazol 1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one was found to be the most active with an MIC value of 7.8 μg/ml

Fetal survival and neonatal growth with intramuscular injections of folate during gestation in the rat

Folic acid (2.0 mg/ml) was injected subcutaneously to rat dams beginning on day 2 after mating (day 0 = day of sperm in vaginal smear). At parturition litter size per dam and the weight of fetuses were determined. Pups were thereafter equalized among the two groups (n=16 each) and assigned to four dams in each group (n=4 pups per dam). They were weighed every 5 days until day 20. On day 20 pups were killed, dried, and the crude protein levels of carcasses assessed using the Kjeldhal's method. Litter size (7) and weight (6.21) of pups from treated dams were not significantly different from those of control (6.4 and 5.9 respectively,

Transmission Dynamics of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Rural Community of Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria

This study accessed the dynamics of urogenital schistosomiasis transmission in Nkalagu Community. A total of 500 mid-day urine samples were collected and transported to Microbiology Laboratory, Ebonyi State University, for analysis. 10ml each of the urine samples was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes. Transmission potential of snail intermediate host of Schistosomes collected from different sampling station at the transmission sites within the study community was equally accessed. The snail species collected were placed individually into a clean beaker with little quantity of water and then subjected to shedding light for 2 hours. Data obtained were entered in excel spread sheet and analyzed using chi square test. The result obtained shows that 205 (41%) out of 500 individuals examined were excreting S. haematobium ova in their urine. The highest prevalence of infection (23%) was found among 11-20-year age groups. Males were more infected (25.4%) than their female counterparts (15.6%), although this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A total of 283 snails belonging to two Bulinus species (B. globosus and B. truncatus) were collected from the four sites sampled. Bulinus globosus recorded the highest species abundance (177) with the highest occurrence in site A. 52 (18.4%) out of 283 snails collected were infected with cercariae, and the highest cercariae infection (12.0%) was recorded among B. globosus. With prevalence of 41% among the human population and the prevalence of 18.4% patent infection among the snail intermediate hosts, urogenital schistosomiasis is still a public health problem in the study area and falls within the WHO classification of endemic area. Public health campaign is recommended in order to educate the people on the mode of transmission and control of the disease

Aluminum Methyl and Chloro Complexes Bearing Monoanionic Aminephenolate Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Use in Polymerizations

A series of aluminum methyl and chloride complexes bearing 2(N-piperazinyl-N′-methyl)-2-methylene-4-R′-6-R-phenolate or 2(N-morpholinyl)-2-methylene-4-R′-6-R-phenolate ([ONER1,R2]-) {[R1 = tBu, R2 = Me, E = NMe (L1); R1= R2 = tBu, E = NMe (L2); R1 = R2 = tBu, E = O (L3)} ligands were synthesized and characterized through elemental analysis, 1H, 13C{1H}, and 27Al NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Reactions of AlMe3 with two equivalents of L1H-L3H gave {[ONER1,R2]2AlMe} (1–3), while reaction of Et2AlCl with two equivalents of L1H and L3H afforded {[ONER1,R2]2AlCl} (4 and 5) as monometallic complexes. The catalytic activity of complexes 1–3 toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone was assessed. These complexes are more active than analogous Zn complexes for this reaction but less active than the Zn analogues for ROP of rac-lactide. Characteristics of the polymer as well as polymerization kinetics and mechanism were studied. Polymer end-group analyses were achieved using 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS. Eyring analyses were performed, and the activation energies for the reactions were determined, which were significantly lower for 1 and 2 compared with 3. This could be for several reasons: (1) the methylamine (NMe) group of 1 and 2, which is a stronger base than the ether (O) group of 3, might activate the incoming monomer via noncovalent interactions, and/or (2) the ether group is able to temporarily coordinate to the metal center and blocks the vacant coordination site toward incoming monomer, while the amine cannot do this. Preliminary studies using 4 and 5 toward copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with carbon dioxide have been performed. 4 was inactive and 5 afforded polyether carbonate (66.7% epoxide conversion, polymer contains 54.0% carbonate linkages)